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高中生怎么才能学好英语介词

2016-08-24

文/离城梦

介词是英语高考命题的热点之一，高中生怎么才能学好英语介词。在高考中它的主要考点有：介词的基本用法;介词短语的用法;介词与名词、动词、形容词的搭配;介词与非谓语动词连用;with的复合结构。

对介词的基本用法的考查

例1 (2015新课标Ⅰ卷) ... For those who fly to Guilin， it’s only an hour away 66 car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.

解析 by。考查介词by的基本用法，by在这里用来表示方式，如：by boat/bus/car/plane/air/land/sea，意为“乘船/公共汽车/轿车/飞机/飞机/经陆路/海路”。

例2 (2015新课标Ⅰ卷·改错) ... Unfortunately， on the development of industrialization， the environment has been polluted.

解析 on→with。考查介词with的基本用法，意为“随着……”。如：The shadows lengthened with the approach of sunset. (随着太阳西沉，影子越来越长。)

点拨从历年高考题可以看出，介词类考题主要是考查一些常用介词的基本含义，这就要求同学们掌握常用介词的基本用法。英语的常用介词包括in，on，at，by，to，for，from，before，after，about，over，above，under，with等。介词的用法多而杂，一个介词可能有多种不同的用法;一个相近的意思又可以用不同的介词表达。所以在备考中必须逐一掌握每个介词的用法，弄清楚易混介词的用法异同，能够根据具体语境灵活运用介词。

对介词短语的考查

例3 (2015新课标Ⅰ卷·完形填空) ... Stepping out not only helped a brother in 59 ， it also gave my kids the 60 (sweet) taste of helping others. It’ll go a long way with them.

59. A. need B. love

C. fear D. memory

解析A。考查的是介词in构成的介词短语。in need意为“在贫困中，在危难中”， in love意为“相爱”， in fear意为“恐惧地”，in memory“在记忆中”。根据上下文语境可知，选项A符合题意。

例4 (2014新课标Ⅰ卷·改错) ... As result， the plants are growing somewhere.

解析此题应在as和result中间加上a，考查的是介词短语as a result，意为“结果”。

例5 (2013新课标Ⅰ卷·改错) ... In a fact， he even scared my classmates away during(应改为when) they came over to play or do homework with me.

解析此题应去掉a，考查的是介词短语in fact，意为“事实上”。

点击查看：英语短期冲刺备考招招实用

点拨介词短语的结构固定，含义特定，但需将其分类，然后再理解记忆。例如：

1. on show/display/sale/strike/duty/trial等;

2. of value/importance/use/color/age/size/height/weight/significance等;

3. to one’s joy/surprise/pleasure/sorrow/delight/astonishment等;

4. in surprise/wonder/alarm/terror/horror/delight等;

5. by air/bicycle/boat/bus/car/plane/train等;

6. out of breath/control/question/sight等。

对介词与名词、动词、形容词的搭配的考查

例6 (2014新课标Ⅰ卷·改错) ... Nearly five years before(应改为ago)， and with the help by our father， my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes (圣女果) in our back garden.

解析 by→of。考查介词与名词的搭配，with the help of sb. 意为“在某人的帮助之下”。

例7 (2014新课标Ⅱ卷·改错) ... We can lie on the grass for a rest， sat by the lake listening music.

解析此题在listening和music中间加上介词to，考查的是介词与动词的搭配。listen to意为“听”。

例8 ... Gather (应改为Gathing) around here， we practise spoken English by talking about everything we are interested.

解析 interested后加上in。考查的是介词与形容词的搭配。be interested in sth. 意为“对……感兴趣”。

点拨高考命题者往往利用介词与名词、动词、形容词之间的搭配来命题，以考查同学们的识记和运用能力。为了方便记忆，可将其分类。例如，在梳理介词与动词的搭配时，可将其分成两类：

1. 同一介词跟不同动词构成不同意义的短语动词，以for为例。

You will have to answer for your behaviour one day. (对……负责)

His illness accounts for his absence. (解释，说明)

I’ll apply for the job today. (申请)

The sort of work calls for a lot of patience. (需要)

She moved back home to care for her elderly parents. (照顾)

Are you still looking for a job? (寻找)

CPC stands for the Communist Party of China. (代表)

2. 同一动词跟不同介词构成不同意义的短语动词，以go为例。

We are both going after the same job. (追求，谋求)

He would not go against his parents’ wishes. (违背)

They went at the job as if their lives depended on it. (拼命干)

That’s a good rule to go by. (遵循)

What I said about Peter goes for you， too. (适用于)

Go over your work before you hand it in. (仔细检查)

The country has gone through too many wars. (经历)

对介词与非谓语动词连用的考查

例9 (2015新课标Ⅱ卷) ... In addition to their simple beauty， what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability (able) to “air condition”a house without 64 (use) electric equipment.

解析 using。考查介词without与非谓语动词的连用，构成“介词+动名词”结构作状语。

例10 (2014新课标Ⅱ卷) ... One morning， I was waiting at the bus stop， worried about 61 (be) late for school.

解析 being。考查介词about后接动名词作宾语。

点拨介词后面通常接动名词作宾语，但是but/except(除了)之后则要接不定式作宾语。例如：

She had no choice but to wait. 除了等待她别无选择。

对with的复合结构的考查

例11 A real trial began when I stood on the platform with my legs 36 (tremble) and my mind blank.

解析 trembling。考查with的复合结构，即“with+名/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语/非谓语动词形式”。这种结构在句中通常用来作状语(表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等)，也可用作定语。在本题中的with的复合结构中，my legs和tremble存在逻辑上的主谓关系，应用动词的现在分词形式。又如：

1. The students left the classroom with the windows open. (形容词作宾语补足语)

2. Mother asked her if she was very hot with so many clothes on. (副词作宾语补足语)

3. The teacher came in with a book in his hand. (介词短语作宾语补足语)

4. With prices going up， we can’t buy a house. (现在分词作宾语补足语)

5. With a lot of difficult problems settled， the manager felt very pleased. (过去分词作宾语补足语)

6. With a lot of homework to do， he refused the invitation. (不定式作宾语补足语)

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