过去分词和现在分词的区别

文/林毅明

现在分词表示主动的意思,过去分词表示被动的意思;现在分词所表示的动作往往正在进行,过去分词所表示的动作往往已经完成。现在分词和过去分词在句子中可以作谓语、表语、定语、补足语和状语。使役动词现在分词表示人或物的本身特征;过去分词表示人或物的心情或状态等。

过去分词的用法

过去分词作定语的用法:

单个的过去分词作定语一般都放在修饰词之前,而过去分词短语作定语则一般都出现被修饰词之后。

The frightened kid hid himself behind the door, holding his breath.那个受了惊吓的孩子把自己藏在门后,屏住自己的呼吸。

过去分词作表语的用法:

过去分词作表语一般来说都比较简单,很多时候这些过去分词就直接被认为是一个独的形容词。

When I got home, I was really exhausted.到家的时候,我已筋疲力尽。

过去分词作补语的用法:

Don't lie to me. I saw you beaten.(过去分词作宾补)你就别骗我了。我看到人家打你。

She stood in front of me, disappointed.(过去分词作主补)她站在我面前,一副失望的样子。

过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号。

The meeting,attended by over five thousand people,welcomed the great hero.他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人。

用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。

The boy looked up with a pleased satisfied expression.男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。

现在分词的用法

(一)作定语

动词现在分词单独作定语,通常放在所修饰词前。例如:

The sleeping boy is Tom.

现在分词短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面,意思同定语从句差不多。例如 :

Tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise. = Tell the children who are playing outside not to make too much noise.

现在分词可相当于非限制性定语,常用逗号分开。例如:

Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. = Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill.

有时现在分词可以和副词或名词构成复合词作定语。例如:

This is an English-speaking country.

(二)作表语

现在分词作表语多表示主语的特征。如amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等。例如:The story is moving.

(三)现在分词在句中作宾语补足语,这时现在分词和前面的宾语有逻辑上的“主表”关系或“主谓”关系。例如:

We all found his equipment interesting. (主表关系)

I saw Mary going upstairs then. (主谓关系)

(四)作状语

现在分词作状语,其逻辑主语一般是句中的主语,如果不是,需在V-ing 形式前加名词或代词主格作逻辑主语。

作原因状语,相当于原因状语从句。例如:

Being ill, Mary didn't come to school yesterday.

作时间状语,相当于时间状语从句。例如:

Seeing their teacher coming, the students stopped talking.

如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生,常在现在分词前加上when或while。例如:

While waiting for the plane, I had a long talk with Simon.

作条件状语。

V-ing 形式作条件状语时,相当于一个条件状语从句。例如:

Working harder, you'll be No. 1 in your class.

作让步状语,相当于让步状语从句。例如:

Weighing almost two hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone.

作结果状语。例如:

He died, leaving nothing but debts.

作伴随状语或方式状语。例如:

He sat by the roadside, begging.

(五)现在分词的完成式表示它发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如 :

Having finished his homework, he left the classroom.

(六) 现在分词的被动式

当句子的主语是动作的承受者时,用V-ing 形式的被动式。例如:

The factory being built now is a big one.

(七) 现在分词的否定形式是由“not + 现在分词”构成。例如:

Not having been invited to the party, she had to stay home.

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